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}} ''Luna 1'', also known as ''Mechta'' ((ロシア語:''Мечта''), ''lit.'': ''Dream''),〔David Darling, ''The complete book of spaceflight: from Apollo 1 to zero gravity''. John Wiley and Sons, 2003, p. 244. ISBN 0-471-05649-9〕 ''E-1 No.4'' and ''First Cosmic Ship'',〔 was the first spacecraft to reach the vicinity of the Earth's Moon, and the first spacecraft to be placed in heliocentric orbit. Intended as an impactor, ''Luna 1'' was launched as part of the Luna programme in 1959, however due to an incorrectly timed upper stage burn during its launch, it missed the Moon; in the process becoming the first spacecraft to leave geocentric orbit. While traveling through the outer Van Allen radiation belt, the spacecraft's scintillator made observations indicating that a small number of high energy particles exist in the outer belt. The measurements obtained during this mission provided new data on the Earth's radiation belt and outer space. The Moon was found to have no detectable magnetic field. The first ever direct observations and measurements of the solar wind,〔Brian Harvey, ''Russian planetary exploration: history, development, legacy, prospects''. Springer, 2007, p.26. ISBN 0-387-46343-7〕〔(David Darling, ''Internet Encyclopedia of Science''. )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=''Luna 1'' )〕 a strong flow of ionized plasma emanating from the Sun and streaming through interplanetary space, were performed. That ionized plasma concentration was measured to be some 700 particles per cm3 at altitudes 20-25 thousand km and 300 to 400 particles per cm3 at altitudes 100-150 thousand km. The spacecraft also marked the first instance of radio communication at the half-million-kilometer distance. A malfunction in the ground-based control system caused an error in the rocket's burntime, and the spacecraft missed the target and flew by the Moon at a distance of 5,900 km at the closest point. ''Luna 1'' then became the first man-made object to reach heliocentric orbit and was then dubbed a "new planet" and renamed ''Mechta'' (''Dream''). Its orbit lies between those of Earth and Mars. The name ''Luna 1'' was applied retroactively years later. ''Luna 1'' was also referred to as the "First Cosmic Rocket", in reference to its achievement of escape velocity. ==Spacecraft== ''Luna 1'' contained radio equipment including a tracking transmitter and telemetry system, and five instruments to study the Moon and interplanetary space; including a magnetometer, geiger counter, scintillation counter, and micrometeorite detector. ''Luna 1'' was designed to impact the Moon, delivering two metallic pennants with the Soviet coat of arms that were included into its package. This mission was eventually accomplished by ''Luna 2''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Luna 1」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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